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- <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">cancer cervix is the leading cancer in indian women and the second most common worldwide. the precancerous changes start early, usually in the twenties, once the women is sexually active and if undetected and untreated may turn into a full blown cancer by the time the woman is in her 50s. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">ironically, there are several good things about this cancer. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">it is a preventable cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known etiology, a hpv ( human papilloma virus) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known mode of spread i.e sexually transmitted <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a very good and inexpensive screening test called pap smear which identifies it several years ahead at a precancerous stage making it amenable to prevention and early treatment with good prognosis. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">unlike other stis (sexually transmitted infections) it is not fully protected by condoms. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">we live in an era of sexual liberalisation with far reaching consequences.</span><span lang="en us"> stis are</span><span lang="en us"> </span>a rising concern, with long term consequences. hiv is just the tip of iceberg.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">the high risk factors are those with<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >multiple sex partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >early initiation of sexual activity<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >poor knowledge of contraception<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >hesitation in using barrier method by male partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >low socio economic status with poor access to health care services, including pap tests<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">prostitutes, prison inmates, drug addicts, those attending sti clinics</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">smoking, low immunity status like hiv, use of birth control pills for > 5 years, being younger than 17 at the time of first delivery, multiparity i.e having 3 or more children.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">even the first wife dying of a cervical cancer placed the second wife at high risk.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">yet despite the familiarity with the disease, it continues to flourish especially in developing countries. most of those who suffered rarely made to the hospital in time. educated women, even doctors hardly turned up for their pap smear in time. may be it was a feminine trait, being indifferent to their own health. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine lay underutilised because of unawareness and sometimes non affordability. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><i><span lang="en us">a report published by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) tells,</span></i><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">young people aged 15 24 years develop half of all new sexually transmitted infections (stis), <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">1 in 4 sexually active adolescent females has an sti<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">no wonder the lower limit of giving hpv vaccine, that acts best when given before the sexual debut has been brought down to 9 years of age; a definite sign of society’s paradigm</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">“this epidemic is one result of a sexually saturated culture and the myth perpetuated by academe, medicine and pharmaceutical companies that latex, contraception and vaccines can make all sexual behavior risk free.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">even among prime time network television shows, there is only 1 portrayal of protective behavior or comment regarding stis for every 25 instances of sexual behavior shown.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">sadly one quarter of adolescents and young adults in high risk age groups for stis did not have health care coverage.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">only 11 percent of teenagers surveyed reported getting most of their information regarding stis from their parents or other family members.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">knowledge and awareness of stis among the public is poor; almost two thirds of women,18 60 years of age surveyed knew nothing or very little about stis other than aids.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">young women and female adolescents are more susceptible to stis compared to their male counterparts because of their biological characteristics. during puberty and young adulthood, specific cells (columnar epithelium) are especially sensitive to invasion by certain sexually transmitted organisms are more exposed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">women and female adolescents may also find it more difficult than men to implement protective behaviors, partly because of the power imbalance between men and women<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt"><span lang="en us">the only way to curb the rising epidemic was by :<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">inculcating responsible behaviour<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst"><span lang="en us">sounds like a cliché but if you don’t take a detailed sexual history of your partner on your date, you don’t know him well enough to have sex. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast"><span lang="en us">and ‘</span><span lang="en ca">safe sex’ is sex with your faithful spouse! </span><span lang="en ca"> </span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">encourage use of contraception ( barrier method )<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="msolistparagraph" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l1 level1 lfo3; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family: wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings;mso bidi font family:wingdings; mso ansi language:en ca">§<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >enforcing pap smear in sexually active women ( 21 65 years) at least every 3 year( even in those previously vaccinated with hpv vaccine), or combining it with hpv testing every 5 years ( >30 years of age).<span lang="en ca"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><b><i><span lang="en us" style="font size:10.0pt; font family:"inherit",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"; mso bidi font family:"times new roman";color:#333333;mso bidi language:hi">“screen and treat” and “screen, diagnose and treat” are both valuable approaches<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><span lang="en us"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p> </p><ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">promoting cervical cancer vaccine; may be a government initiative making the vaccine cost effective, mandatory or even free to all adolescent girls.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">health education<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">tracing contact/ partner & treatment for stis , wherever possible<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span>cancer cervix is the leading cancer in indian women and the second most common worldwide. the precancerous changes start early, usually in the twenties, once the women is sexually active and if undetected and untreated <span style="color: rgb(50, 50, 50); font size: 16px;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(50, 50, 50); font size: 16px;">may turn into a full blown cancer by the time the woman is in her 50s.</span><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">ironically, there are several good things about this cancer. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">it is a preventable cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known etiology, a hpv ( human papilloma virus) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known mode of spread i.e sexually transmitted <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a very good and inexpensive screening test called pap smear which identifies it several years ahead at a precancerous stage making it amenable to prevention and early treatment with good prognosis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">unlike other stis (sexually transmitted infections) it is not fully protected by condoms. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">we live in an era of sexual liberalisation with far reaching consequences.</span><span lang="en us"> stis are</span><span lang="en us"> </span>a rising concern, with long term consequences. hiv is just the tip of iceberg.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">the high risk factors are those with<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >multiple sex partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >early initiation of sexual activity<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >poor knowledge of contraception<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >hesitation in using barrier method by male partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >low socio economic status with poor access to health care services, including pap tests<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">prostitutes, prison inmates, drug addicts, those attending sti clinics</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">smoking, low immunity status like hiv, use of birth control pills for > 5 years, being younger than 17 at the time of first delivery, multiparity i.e having 3 or more children.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">even the first wife dying of a cervical cancer placed the second wife at high risk.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">yet despite the familiarity with the disease, it continues to flourish especially in developing countries. most of those who suffered rarely made to the hospital in time. educated women, even doctors hardly turned up for their pap smear in time. may be it was a feminine trait, being indifferent to their own health. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine lay underutilised because of unawareness and sometimes non affordability. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><i><span lang="en us">a report published by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) tells,</span></i><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">young people aged 15 24 years develop half of all new sexually transmitted infections (stis), <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">1 in 4 sexually active adolescent females has an sti<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">no wonder the lower limit of giving hpv vaccine, that acts best when given before the sexual debut has been brought down to 9 years of age; a definite sign of society’s paradigm</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">“this epidemic is one result of a sexually saturated culture and the myth perpetuated by academe, medicine and pharmaceutical companies that latex, contraception and vaccines can make all sexual behavior risk free.” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">even among prime time network television shows, there is only 1 portrayal of protective behavior or comment regarding stis for every 25 instances of sexual behavior shown.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">sadly one quarter of adolescents and young adults in high risk age groups for stis did not have health care coverage.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">only 11 percent of teenagers surveyed reported getting most of their information regarding stis from their parents or other family members.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">knowledge and awareness of stis among the public is poor; almost two thirds of women,18 60 years of age surveyed knew nothing or very little about stis other than aids.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">young women and female adolescents are more susceptible to stis compared to their male counterparts because of their biological characteristics. during puberty and young adulthood, specific cells (columnar epithelium) are especially sensitive to invasion by certain sexually transmitted organisms are more exposed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">women and female adolescents may also find it more difficult than men to implement protective behaviors, partly because of the power imbalance between men and women<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt"><span lang="en us">the only way to curb the rising epidemic was by :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">inculcating responsible behaviour<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst"><span lang="en us">sounds like a cliché but if you don’t take a detailed sexual history of your partner on your date, you don’t know him well enough to have sex. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast"><span lang="en us">and ‘</span><span lang="en ca">safe sex’ is sex with your faithful spouse! </span><span lang="en ca"> </span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">encourage use of contraception ( barrier method )<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="msolistparagraph" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l1 level1 lfo3; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family: wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings;mso bidi font family:wingdings; mso ansi language:en ca">§<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >enforcing pap smear in sexually active women ( 21 65 years) at least every 3 year( even in those previously vaccinated with hpv vaccine), or combining it with hpv testing every 5 years ( >30 years of age).<span lang="en ca"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><b><i><span lang="en us" style="font size:10.0pt; font family:"inherit",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"; mso bidi font family:"times new roman";color:#333333;mso bidi language:hi">“screen and treat” and “screen, diagnose and treat” are both valuable approaches<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><span lang="en us"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">promoting cervical cancer vaccine; may be a government initiative making the vaccine cost effective, mandatory or even free to all adolescent girls.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">health education<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">tracing contact/ partner & treatment for stis , wherever possible<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul></li> </ul>
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- Discussion Topic Tags
- Rehabilitation
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- Health Topics
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Apert Syndrome
Health Topics -
Flu (Influenza)
Health Topics -
Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media)
Health Topics -
Angioedema
Health Topics -
Salicylic Acid
Drug Topics - Discussion Topics
- <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">cancer cervix is the leading cancer in indian women and the second most common worldwide. the precancerous changes start early, usually in the twenties, once the women is sexually active and if undetected and untreated may turn into a full blown cancer by the time the woman is in her 50s. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">ironically, there are several good things about this cancer. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">it is a preventable cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known etiology, a hpv ( human papilloma virus) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known mode of spread i.e sexually transmitted <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a very good and inexpensive screening test called pap smear which identifies it several years ahead at a precancerous stage making it amenable to prevention and early treatment with good prognosis. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">unlike other stis (sexually transmitted infections) it is not fully protected by condoms. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">we live in an era of sexual liberalisation with far reaching consequences.</span><span lang="en us"> stis are</span><span lang="en us"> </span>a rising concern, with long term consequences. hiv is just the tip of iceberg.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">the high risk factors are those with<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >multiple sex partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >early initiation of sexual activity<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >poor knowledge of contraception<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >hesitation in using barrier method by male partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >low socio economic status with poor access to health care services, including pap tests<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">prostitutes, prison inmates, drug addicts, those attending sti clinics</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">smoking, low immunity status like hiv, use of birth control pills for > 5 years, being younger than 17 at the time of first delivery, multiparity i.e having 3 or more children.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">even the first wife dying of a cervical cancer placed the second wife at high risk.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">yet despite the familiarity with the disease, it continues to flourish especially in developing countries. most of those who suffered rarely made to the hospital in time. educated women, even doctors hardly turned up for their pap smear in time. may be it was a feminine trait, being indifferent to their own health. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine lay underutilised because of unawareness and sometimes non affordability. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><i><span lang="en us">a report published by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) tells,</span></i><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">young people aged 15 24 years develop half of all new sexually transmitted infections (stis), <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">1 in 4 sexually active adolescent females has an sti<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">no wonder the lower limit of giving hpv vaccine, that acts best when given before the sexual debut has been brought down to 9 years of age; a definite sign of society’s paradigm</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">“this epidemic is one result of a sexually saturated culture and the myth perpetuated by academe, medicine and pharmaceutical companies that latex, contraception and vaccines can make all sexual behavior risk free.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">even among prime time network television shows, there is only 1 portrayal of protective behavior or comment regarding stis for every 25 instances of sexual behavior shown.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">sadly one quarter of adolescents and young adults in high risk age groups for stis did not have health care coverage.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">only 11 percent of teenagers surveyed reported getting most of their information regarding stis from their parents or other family members.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">knowledge and awareness of stis among the public is poor; almost two thirds of women,18 60 years of age surveyed knew nothing or very little about stis other than aids.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">young women and female adolescents are more susceptible to stis compared to their male counterparts because of their biological characteristics. during puberty and young adulthood, specific cells (columnar epithelium) are especially sensitive to invasion by certain sexually transmitted organisms are more exposed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">women and female adolescents may also find it more difficult than men to implement protective behaviors, partly because of the power imbalance between men and women<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt"><span lang="en us">the only way to curb the rising epidemic was by :<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">inculcating responsible behaviour<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst"><span lang="en us">sounds like a cliché but if you don’t take a detailed sexual history of your partner on your date, you don’t know him well enough to have sex. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast"><span lang="en us">and ‘</span><span lang="en ca">safe sex’ is sex with your faithful spouse! </span><span lang="en ca"> </span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">encourage use of contraception ( barrier method )<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="msolistparagraph" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l1 level1 lfo3; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family: wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings;mso bidi font family:wingdings; mso ansi language:en ca">§<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >enforcing pap smear in sexually active women ( 21 65 years) at least every 3 year( even in those previously vaccinated with hpv vaccine), or combining it with hpv testing every 5 years ( >30 years of age).<span lang="en ca"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><b><i><span lang="en us" style="font size:10.0pt; font family:"inherit",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"; mso bidi font family:"times new roman";color:#333333;mso bidi language:hi">“screen and treat” and “screen, diagnose and treat” are both valuable approaches<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><span lang="en us"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p> </p><ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">promoting cervical cancer vaccine; may be a government initiative making the vaccine cost effective, mandatory or even free to all adolescent girls.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">health education<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">tracing contact/ partner & treatment for stis , wherever possible<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span>cancer cervix is the leading cancer in indian women and the second most common worldwide. the precancerous changes start early, usually in the twenties, once the women is sexually active and if undetected and untreated <span style="color: rgb(50, 50, 50); font size: 16px;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(50, 50, 50); font size: 16px;">may turn into a full blown cancer by the time the woman is in her 50s.</span><p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">ironically, there are several good things about this cancer. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">it is a preventable cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known etiology, a hpv ( human papilloma virus) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a known mode of spread i.e sexually transmitted <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">a very good and inexpensive screening test called pap smear which identifies it several years ahead at a precancerous stage making it amenable to prevention and early treatment with good prognosis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddle" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l0 level1 lfo4"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family:wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings; mso bidi font family:wingdings;mso ansi language:en ca">Ø<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">unlike other stis (sexually transmitted infections) it is not fully protected by condoms. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">we live in an era of sexual liberalisation with far reaching consequences.</span><span lang="en us"> stis are</span><span lang="en us"> </span>a rising concern, with long term consequences. hiv is just the tip of iceberg.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">the high risk factors are those with<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >multiple sex partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >early initiation of sexual activity<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >poor knowledge of contraception<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >hesitation in using barrier method by male partners<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >low socio economic status with poor access to health care services, including pap tests<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">prostitutes, prison inmates, drug addicts, those attending sti clinics</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman""> <span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en ca">smoking, low immunity status like hiv, use of birth control pills for > 5 years, being younger than 17 at the time of first delivery, multiparity i.e having 3 or more children.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">even the first wife dying of a cervical cancer placed the second wife at high risk.</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">yet despite the familiarity with the disease, it continues to flourish especially in developing countries. most of those who suffered rarely made to the hospital in time. educated women, even doctors hardly turned up for their pap smear in time. may be it was a feminine trait, being indifferent to their own health. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">an effective vaccine lay underutilised because of unawareness and sometimes non affordability. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><i><span lang="en us">a report published by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) tells,</span></i><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">young people aged 15 24 years develop half of all new sexually transmitted infections (stis), <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt;text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en us" style="font family: "times new roman",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"">•<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] ><span lang="en us">1 in 4 sexually active adolescent females has an sti<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en ca">no wonder the lower limit of giving hpv vaccine, that acts best when given before the sexual debut has been brought down to 9 years of age; a definite sign of society’s paradigm</span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">“this epidemic is one result of a sexually saturated culture and the myth perpetuated by academe, medicine and pharmaceutical companies that latex, contraception and vaccines can make all sexual behavior risk free.” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">even among prime time network television shows, there is only 1 portrayal of protective behavior or comment regarding stis for every 25 instances of sexual behavior shown.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">sadly one quarter of adolescents and young adults in high risk age groups for stis did not have health care coverage.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">only 11 percent of teenagers surveyed reported getting most of their information regarding stis from their parents or other family members.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">knowledge and awareness of stis among the public is poor; almost two thirds of women,18 60 years of age surveyed knew nothing or very little about stis other than aids.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">young women and female adolescents are more susceptible to stis compared to their male counterparts because of their biological characteristics. during puberty and young adulthood, specific cells (columnar epithelium) are especially sensitive to invasion by certain sexually transmitted organisms are more exposed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal"><span lang="en us">women and female adolescents may also find it more difficult than men to implement protective behaviors, partly because of the power imbalance between men and women<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin left:36.0pt"><span lang="en us">the only way to curb the rising epidemic was by :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">inculcating responsible behaviour<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="msolistparagraphcxspfirst"><span lang="en us">sounds like a cliché but if you don’t take a detailed sexual history of your partner on your date, you don’t know him well enough to have sex. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msolistparagraphcxsplast"><span lang="en us">and ‘</span><span lang="en ca">safe sex’ is sex with your faithful spouse! </span><span lang="en ca"> </span><span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">encourage use of contraception ( barrier method )<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="msolistparagraph" style="text indent: 18.0pt;mso list:l1 level1 lfo3; tab stops:list 36.0pt"><! [if !supportlists] ><span lang="en ca" style="font family: wingdings;mso fareast font family:wingdings;mso bidi font family:wingdings; mso ansi language:en ca">§<span style="font variant numeric: normal; font variant east asian: normal; font stretch: normal; font size: 7pt; line height: normal; font family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><! [endif] >enforcing pap smear in sexually active women ( 21 65 years) at least every 3 year( even in those previously vaccinated with hpv vaccine), or combining it with hpv testing every 5 years ( >30 years of age).<span lang="en ca"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><b><i><span lang="en us" style="font size:10.0pt; font family:"inherit",serif;mso fareast font family:"times new roman"; mso bidi font family:"times new roman";color:#333333;mso bidi language:hi">“screen and treat” and “screen, diagnose and treat” are both valuable approaches<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="msonormal" style="margin: 0cm 15pt 0.0001pt 36pt; line height: 11.25pt; background image: initial; background position: initial; background size: initial; background repeat: initial; background attachment: initial; background origin: initial; background clip: initial; vertical align: baseline;"><span lang="en us"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin top:0cm" type="square"> <li class="msonormal">promoting cervical cancer vaccine; may be a government initiative making the vaccine cost effective, mandatory or even free to all adolescent girls.<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">health education<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="msonormal">tracing contact/ partner & treatment for stis , wherever possible<span lang="en us"><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul></li> </ul>
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